Put some 2017 wheels on my 2012 but all the stock and aftermarket lugs seem to be long. It looks funny how far out they stick from the wheel. Will short lugs not fit? Perhaps the lug bolt is longer on the 2012 than the 2017?

 

The thread pitch on 2017 nuts are 1.25mm. 2012 had 1.5mm pitch. Got the right ones?

 

Lugs designed for the '14 and earlier trucks when used with 15+ wheels will result in what you have pictured. Are the aftermarket locking lugs you have pictured the same length as your OEM lugs?

I have much in the same on mine when I changed to using '15+ Expedition wheels. Mine doesn't appear as pronounced, likely due to different wheel design

Resolution is likely finding a shorter shank lug nut with same '14 and earlier thread pitch.

Another idea might be to find open ended lugs with black plastic hex covers.

 

I use Gorillia lug nutsThey're only slightly longer than OEM.
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The correct nut is a BULGED 60° cone nut, 14x2.0mm, such as the Gorilla 61108 CXL. The bulge is important because it gives the nut significantly greater bearing area against the soft alloy wheel.

 

I have the Gorilla 61108CXL on mine. When I did the wheel swap, I looked around and could not find a shorter nut with the proper bulge and thread pitch. Also the wheel stud is quite long on the 12, so it needed the longer nut to cover. They do stick out a little, but still look good.
The nuts you're using are the skinny style with the tiny cone area. I know some people say they work ok, but to me, it seemed they were going to fall or get pulled through the wheel hole. Way more seating surface with the 61108CXL.